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24.3 Why didn't the man raise his head when the writer approached?____
A
A. Because he couldn't see her through the call box.
B
B. Because he was dead.
C
C. Because he was sleeping.
D
D. Because he was engaged in his phone call.
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B
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1. In 1637 the French philosopher-mathematician ReneDescartes predicted that it would neverBe possible to makeA machine that thinksAs humansDo. In 1950, theBritish mathematicianAndComputer pioneerAlan TuringDeclared that oneDay there wouldBeA machine thatDuplicate human intelligence in every wayAnd prove itBy passingA specialized test. In this test,AComputerAndA human hidden from view wouldBeAsked random identical questions, if theComputer were successful; the questioner wouldBe unable toDistinguish the machine from the personBy theAnswers.InspiredBy Turing's theory, the firstConference onAIConvenedAtDartmouthCollege in New Hampshire in 1956. SoonAfterwardsAnAI laboratory was startedAt Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBy John McCarthyAnd Marvin Minsky, two of the nation's leadingAI proponents. McCarthyAlso invented theAIComputer language, Lisp;ButBy the early 1990sAI itself had notBeenAchieved. However, logic programsCalled expert systemsAllowComputers to "make,Decisions"By interpretingDataAnd selecting fromAmongAlternatives. TechniciansCan run programs used inComplex medicalDiagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration,And evenComputerDesign.MachineryCan outperform humans physically. So, too,CanComputers outperform mental functions in limitedAreas--notably in the speed of mathematicalCalculations. For example, the fastestComputersDevelopedAreAble to perform roughly 10BillionCalculations per second.But making more powerfulComputers will probably notBe the way toCreateA machineCapable of passing the Turing test.Computer programs operateAccording to set procedures, or logic steps,CalledAlgorithms (算法). InAddition, mostComputersDo serial processing: operations of recognitionAndComputationAre performed oneAtA time. TheBrain works inA mannerCalled parallel processing, performing operations simultaneously. ToAchieve simulated (模拟) parallel processing, some supercomputers haveBeen made with multiple processors to follow severalAlgorithmsAt the same time.Critics of thisApproach insist that solvingAComputationDoes not indicate understanding, somethingA person who solvedA problem would have. Human reasoning is notBased solely on rules of logic. It involves perception,Awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluating experience, theAbility to generalizeAnd weigh options,And more. Some proponents ofA1 have, therefore, suggested thatComputers shouldBe patternedAfter the humanBrain, which essentiallyConsists ofA network of nerveCells.By the early 1990s, theClosestApproximation toAI wasA special siliconChipBuilt toBehave likeA humanBrainCell. It was modeledAfter the internal workings of neurons in the humanCerebralContext. Unlike theConventional silicon ship, which works inDigital mode, the new siliconChip works inAnalog mode, much the wayA humanBrainCell works.21. According to Turing,AComputerCan prove to have human-like intelligence inA special test if____A. theComputer givesBetterAnswersB. the questioner fails to give identical questionsC. the questionerCan't tellBetween theAnswers ofA personAndAComputerD. The questionerCan't find the person hiddenBy theComputer
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Passage OneWe find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched.We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming( 把…按能力分班)pupils.It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child.After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability.This is only one aspect of their total personality.We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability.We also value personal qualities and social skills and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to cooperate, to share, and to develop their leadership skills.They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.Sometimes the pupils work in pairs;sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed.They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate.We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently.An advanced pupil can do advanced work;it does not matter what age the child is.We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.21.In the passage the writer's attitude towards "mixed-ability teaching" is ( ).A. criticalB. questioningC. approvingD. objective
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